Recent literature barely considers the impact of fault diagnosis and fault tolerance in WSN. WSNs are subjected to several different hazardous situations, as follow : For this reason, one of the main concerns about WSN is to guarantee reliable data transport with limited energy waste. A continuous operation of WSN is essential to provide timely information about the actual status of the monitored and controlled area. As a consequence, the introduction of some resource constraints are inevitable, such as: limited capability of the processing unit, moderate memory for storage and processing, and limited energy for operation and restricted communication bandwidth. Consequently, the use of low-cost nodes is mandatory to minimize the total system cost. WSNs are composed of a large number of devices, generally hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes. Recently, IoT and more in detail WSNs have been widely applied in smart farming and precision agriculture (see for instance ). Precision agriculture comprises Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), specialized embedded system, software and IT services. In particular, IoT technology allows the growth of precision agriculture, which reduces operational costs and guarantees an optimization of the natural resources. IoT solutions help farmers by ensuring high productivity and efficiency. In fact, the expansion of agriculture has to face several issues: limited fresh water, reduced arable land and the reduction of manual labor. Internet of Things (IoT) solutions are becoming a fundamental asset in many different applications, from industry scenarios to agriculture and forestry. The positioning is therefore essential in order to obtain maximum performance from a Wireless sensor network. The findings show how different node arrangements provide significantly different reliability. Then, using the Fault Tree Analysis the real deployment of the nodes is taken into account considering the Wi-Fi coverage area and the possible communication link between nearby nodes. A reliability prediction based on different handbooks has been carried out to estimate the failure rate of the nodes self-designed and self-developed to be used under harsh environments. The reliability of the system has been evaluated by looking for both hardware failures and communication errors. In more detail, the paper analyzes the design and implementation of a wireless sensor network for low-power and low-cost applications and calculates its reliability considering the real environmental conditions and the real arrangement of the nodes deployed in the field. The aim of this work is to provide a deeper understanding about the way redundancy and node deployment affect the network reliability. Wireless Sensor Networks are subjected to some design constraints (e.g., processing capability, storage memory, energy consumption, fixed deployment, etc.) and to outdoor harsh conditions that deeply affect the network reliability.
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